www.acta.nl academic center for dentistry amsterdam - ACTA
Dental Materials
     (Home)
Actaintense Dilatometer Fatigue Tester Linometer Loadcell Display Wilson's Reometer Stripchart Recorder Wear Machine
Fatigue-tester Buttons User Instructions Fatigue Sample Holders
Fatigue Sample Holders left Up
B-o-R Formulas
 

Dental Materials home

Acta services ( Acta people only):

ANWB traffic near Acta

 

 

 

For several types of tests sample holders are already available.
Although the sample holders were designed specifically for use with the fatigue tester, these are suitable for use in the tensilometers as well. 
There are two types of the extendable part of the rod. The brass one has a flat end, the stainless steel one ends with a 5-millimeter ball, which can be used when an experiment requires a simple antagonist.

The Bolhuis Block

Late in the previous millennium, when Bolhuis initiated his research into crown luting cements, he designed a block to hold his samples, so that these could be loaded under various angles. With this block, the samples can be loaded at 0, 45, 80 and 90 degrees.
The samples are placed in 20 millimeter long pieces of 15-millimeter copper tube, which fit in the block. The tubes are filled with plaster or resin to hold extracted premolars, on which test crowns are cemented.
In this way extracted human teeth can be used for many types of fatigue experiments.

Ball-on-Ring

Twelve setups for the ball-on-ring test are available.
This test has been designed for brittle materials, such as ceramics. In this test, a disc of the tested material is evenly supported by a ring of 16 cylindrical pins with rounded ends. The downward force is applied to a 5mm ball, at the center on top of the disc. The pins are on a pitch circle diameter of 16 mm.
The discs should have a diameter of 20 to 22 mm and a thickness of max. 3 mm.

The formulas to work with these devices are here.

With ceramic materials, it is usually very difficult to produce absolutely flat discs. Therefore there has to be a mechanism to distribute the load evenly over the 16 balls that make up the supporting ring.

In the top face of a stainless steel block (1),  a circular slot (2) is machined. The slot (2) is filled with an extremely soft yet very incompressible type of silicone rubber. The slot is covered with a 3-mm steel disc (3) with  a circle of 16 holes for the pins (5). The pins have rounded ends to support the sample disc (4). Because it is incompressible, the silicone rubber works as a hydraulic fluid, which distributes the load evenly over the 16 pins.

In an abandoned design (bottom drawing), hydraulic oil is used. The slot (2) is covered with a thin soft copper sheet (7). The steel parts that keep the copper sheet clamped in place are not drawn. To make the balls (8) adapt to the disc as easily as possible, the copper membrane has to be preformed as drawn.
This setup has some major disadvantages. Balls are easily lost and the sharp particles that are often created when ceramic sample discs fracture, easily damage the fragile copper membrane. This means that after every two or three tests, hydraulic oil starts bleeding out because the copper membrane tears and needs to be replaced. Moreover, hydraulic oil is a hazardous fluid and because the copper membrane requires many hours of workmanship this is also a very expensive part.
Several setups of the present version, with the pins and the silicone rubber, have been used many times and never needed any maintenance or repair.

Three Point Bending

There are twelve setups for a three point bending test.
The setups are made of stainless steel, PMMA, and silicone kit. The units are water tight, so that aqueous media can be used. The radius of the center contact, where  the load is applied, is 10mm.
The pitch distance between the supports can  be adjusted from 7 to 40mm. The maximum length of the sample is 50mm, the maximum width is 25mm.
The straight edges of the half round discs are slightly rounded to assure contact points or lines, at the correct pitch distance. The discs fit loosely in place, so that these can adapt easily to a warped specimen.
The plate connected with the upper contact body fits loosely in the box to allow tensionless placement.
The pitch distance is set by turning the set screws through the half round discs.